mysterious boy
صلي على النبي صل الله عليه وسلم
انجازاتي
لايتوفر على اوسمة بعد: الوسام الأول
 |  موضوع: Nobel Peace Prize ( جائز نوبل للسلام ) بحث : تعريف + الحاصلين عليها  2011-11-18, 17:53 | |
| .
Nobel Peace Prize
( جائز نوبل للسلام )
بحث تعريف + الفائزين عليها [/size]
What is the Nobel Prize?
.The Nobel Prize is the brainchild of Alfred Nobel, a
Swedish chemist who was best known in his lifetime for his invention
of dynamite. Upon his death in 1896, a reading of his will revealed
stipulations that over 90% of his estate should be used to establish
prizes in five categories: physics, chemistry, medicine, literature,
and peace.[/size]
.Many wonder why Nobel established the Nobel Prize. It
has often been assumed that he sought to make restitution for creating
dynamite. [/size]
.Nobel did catch a glimpse of a French obituary for
himself when his brother died and a French newspaper thought Nobel had
died. Among other colorful terms, the newspapers called Alfred Nobel a
“merchant of death.” Thus the restitution to reward the positive
aspects of the world remains the popular theory on the establishment of
the Nobel Prize.[/size]
.Alfred Nobel died in 1896. The first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901. [/size]
.Nobel stipulated exactly how the prizes should be
determined, and what bodies should be responsible for selecting and
awarding prizes.[/size]
.According to Nobel’s will, the Swedish Academy of
Science was to award a yearly Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry. The
Caroline Institute at Stockholm would award the Nobel Prize for
medicine. The Academy of Stockholm would determine the Nobel Prize for
literature. Five members selected by the Norwegian government select
the recipient of the annual Peace Prize. The Peace Prize is awarded
in Oslo, Norway, while the other Nobel Prizes are awarded in
Stockholm, Sweden. Each award was to be given without regard to
nationality, and was meant to represent the best and brightest
contributors to each field.[/size]
.Some confusion exists over a sixth category, the Nobel
Prize in Economics. This is not technically a Nobel Prize because it
was not listed in Nobel’s will, and it does use Nobel’s foundation to
award funds. This award was established in 1969 and is awarded by the
Swedish Academy of Sciences. Monies awarded come from the Bank of
Sweden.[/size]
.Typically the Nobel Prize means one wins a medal,
international recognition, and a sum of money for ongoing work in one’s
field. Often the money is not greatly important since people receiving
the award tend to be at the end of their careers. Currently, those
receiving the Prize may receive a little over one million US dollars
(USD). [/size]
.Since the Prize’s establishment, over 750 awards have
been given. The Nobel Prize tends not to be awarded posthumously, which
has met with some controversy. Some of the recipients of the award
have also been criticized. For example, Mahatma Gandhi never won the
Nobel Peace Prize despite his sterling efforts to promote non-violent
protests and fair government in India [/size].
What is the Nobel Peace Prize?
. [/size] .The Nobel Peace Prize is an award presented to either an individual or an organization in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s living will. Alfred Nobel, creator of the five Nobel Prizes, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He disposed the Nobel Peace Prize in his will to be awarded to “the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." The Nobel Peace Prize differs from the Nobel Prizes in literature, physics, chemistry, and medicine or physiology in that it may be presented not only to individuals, but also to organizations that are actively engaged in a process or effort that intends to promote world peace. The prize can be awarded for current efforts, rather than for having accomplished a goal or resolved an issue.[/size] . Having been awarded since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize is considered a very astute recognition, but some past nominees and recipients have created controversy. Adolf Hitler was nominated in 1939, but the nomination was retracted. Other nominees include Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Yasser Arafat. Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, as did Henry Kissinger and Mikhail Gorbachev. Due to the practice of awarding the Nobel Peace Prize based on a work in progress, it stands to reason that some recipients may seem like poor choices in hindsight; however, many recipients have been life-long promoters of peace and human rights, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and the Dalai Lama[/size] . An individual or organization may be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by any qualifying individual, including former recipients, university professors, international leaders, and members of national assemblies. The list of nominees is kept private each year, and though a group or individual may later be referred to as a Nobel Peace Prize nominee, this title bears no official merit. Nominees and recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize between 1901 and 1951 are currently compiled into a database. There are those who publicly criticize the Nobel Peace Prize as being politically slanted to the left and failing to recognize true merit, but even with past controversy, the Nobel Peace Prize continues to be an astute recognition that few would decline to accept [/size] .
List of Nobel Peace Prize Winners (1901-2009). [/size] .2009 Barack Obama[/size]
.2008 Martti Ahtisaari [/size]
.2007 Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.[/size]
.2006 Muhammad Yunus[/size]
.2005 Mohamed Elbaradei + International Atomic Energy Agency [/size]
.2004 Wangari Maathai[/size]
.2003 Shirin Ebadi[/size]
.2002 Jimmy Carter[/size]
.2001 United Nations, Kofi Annan[/size]
. 2000 Kim Dae-jung[/size]
.1999 Médecins Sans Frontières[/size]
. 1998 John Hume, David Trimble[/size]
. 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams[/size]
. 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta[/size]
. 1995 Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs[/size]
. 1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin[/size]
. 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk[/size]
. 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum[/size]
. 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi[/size]
.1990 Mikhail Gorbachev[/size]
.1989 The 14th Dalai Lama[/size]
.1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces[/size]
. 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez[/size]
. 1986 Elie Wiesel[/size]
.1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War[/size]
.1984 Desmond Tutu[/size]
. 1983 Lech Walesa[/size]
. 1982 Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles[/size]
. 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[/size]
. 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel[/size]
. 1979 Mother Teresa[/size]
. 1978 Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin[/size]
. 1977 Amnesty International[/size]
. 1976 Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan[/size]
. 1975 Andrei Sakharov[/size]
. 1974 Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato[/size]
. 1973 Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho[/size]
. 1972 No Award[/size]
. 1971 Willy Brandt[/size]
. 1970 Norman Borlaug[/size]
. 1969 International Labour Organization[/size]
. 1968 René Cassin[/size]
. 1967-66 No Award[/size]
.1965 United Nations Children's Fund[/size]
.1964 Martin Luther King[/size]
. 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies[/size]
. 1962 Linus Pauling[/size]
. 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld[/size]
. 1960 Albert Lutuli[/size]
. 1959 Philip Noel-Baker[/size]
. 1958 Georges Pire[/size]
.1957 Lester Bowles Pearson[/size]
. 1956 Prize money to Special Fund[/size]
. 1955 "[/size]
. 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[/size]
. 1953 George C. Marshall[/size]
.1952 Albert Schweitzer[/size]
. 1951 Léon Jouhaux[/size]
. 1950 Ralph Bunche[/size]
. 1949 Lord Boyd Orr[/size]
. 1948 No Award[/size]
. 1947 Friends Service Council, American Friends Service Committee[/size]
. 1946 Emily Greene Balch, John R. Mott[/size]
. 1945 Cordell Hull[/size]
. 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross[/size]
. 1939-1943 No Award[/size]
. 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees[/size]
. 1937 Robert Cecil[/size]
. 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas[/size]
. 1935 Carl von Ossietzky[/size]
. 1934 Arthur Henderson[/size]
. 1933 Sir Norman Angell[/size]
. 1932 No Award[/size]
. 1931 Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler[/size]
. 1930 Nathan Söderblom[/size]
. 1929 Frank B. Kellogg[/size]
. 1928 No Award[/size]
. 1927 Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde[/size]
. 1926 Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann[/size]
. 1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes[/size]
. 1924 -23 No Award[/size]
. 1922 Fridtjof Nansen[/size]
. 1921 Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lange[/size]
. 1920 Léon Bourgeois[/size]
.1919 Woodrow Wilson[/size]
. 1918 No Award[/size]
. 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross[/size]
. 1916-1913 No Award[/size]
. 1913 Henri La Fontaine[/size]
. 1912 Elihu Root[/size]
. 1911 Tobias Asser, Alfred Fried[/size]
. 1910 Permanent International Peace Bureau[/size]
. 1909 Auguste Beernaert, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant[/size]
. 1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer[/size]
. 1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault[/size]
. 1906 Theodore Roosevelt[/size]
. 1905 Bertha von Suttner[/size]
. 1904 Institute of International Law[/size]
. 1903 Randal Cremer[/size]
. 1902 Élie Ducommun, Albert Gobat[/size]
. 1901 Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy[/size]
[/size] .
List of Nobel Peace Prize Winners (1901-2009). [/size] .2009 Barack Obama[/size]
.2008 Martti Ahtisaari [/size]
.2007 Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.[/size]
.2006 Muhammad Yunus[/size]
.2005 Mohamed Elbaradei + International Atomic Energy Agency [/size]
.2004 Wangari Maathai[/size]
.2003 Shirin Ebadi[/size]
.2002 Jimmy Carter[/size]
.2001 United Nations, Kofi Annan[/size]
. 2000 Kim Dae-jung[/size]
.1999 Médecins Sans Frontières[/size]
. 1998 John Hume, David Trimble[/size]
. 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams[/size]
. 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta[/size]
. 1995 Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs[/size]
. 1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin[/size]
. 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk[/size]
. 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum[/size]
. 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi[/size]
.1990 Mikhail Gorbachev[/size]
.1989 The 14th Dalai Lama[/size]
.1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces[/size]
. 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez[/size]
. 1986 Elie Wiesel[/size]
.1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War[/size]
.1984 Desmond Tutu[/size]
. 1983 Lech Walesa[/size]
. 1982 Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles[/size]
. 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[/size]
. 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel[/size]
. 1979 Mother Teresa[/size]
. 1978 Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin[/size]
. 1977 Amnesty International[/size]
. 1976 Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan[/size]
. 1975 Andrei Sakharov[/size]
. 1974 Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato[/size]
. 1973 Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho[/size]
. 1972 No Award[/size]
. 1971 Willy Brandt[/size]
. 1970 Norman Borlaug[/size]
. 1969 International Labour Organization[/size]
. 1968 René Cassin[/size]
. 1967-66 No Award[/size]
.1965 United Nations Children's Fund[/size]
.1964 Martin Luther King[/size]
. 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies[/size]
. 1962 Linus Pauling[/size]
. 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld[/size]
. 1960 Albert Lutuli[/size]
. 1959 Philip Noel-Baker[/size]
. 1958 Georges Pire[/size]
.1957 Lester Bowles Pearson[/size]
. 1956 Prize money to Special Fund[/size]
. 1955 "[/size]
. 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[/size]
. 1953 George C. Marshall[/size]
.1952 Albert Schweitzer[/size]
. 1951 Léon Jouhaux[/size]
. 1950 Ralph Bunche[/size]
. 1949 Lord Boyd Orr[/size]
. 1948 No Award[/size]
. 1947 Friends Service Council, American Friends Service Committee[/size]
. 1946 Emily Greene Balch, John R. Mott[/size]
. 1945 Cordell Hull[/size]
. 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross[/size]
. 1939-1943 No Award[/size]
. 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees[/size]
. 1937 Robert Cecil[/size]
. 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas[/size]
. 1935 Carl von Ossietzky[/size]
. 1934 Arthur Henderson[/size]
. 1933 Sir Norman Angell[/size]
. 1932 No Award[/size]
. 1931 Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler[/size]
. 1930 Nathan Söderblom[/size]
. 1929 Frank B. Kellogg[/size]
. 1928 No Award[/size]
. 1927 Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde[/size]
. 1926 Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann[/size]
. 1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes[/size]
. 1924 -23 No Award[/size]
. 1922 Fridtjof Nansen[/size]
. 1921 Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lange[/size]
. 1920 Léon Bourgeois[/size]
.1919 Woodrow Wilson[/size]
. 1918 No Award[/size]
. 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross[/size]
. 1916-1913 No Award[/size]
. 1913 Henri La Fontaine[/size]
. 1912 Elihu Root[/size]
. 1911 Tobias Asser, Alfred Fried[/size]
. 1910 Permanent International Peace Bureau[/size]
. 1909 Auguste Beernaert, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant[/size]
. 1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer[/size]
. 1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault[/size]
. 1906 Theodore Roosevelt[/size]
. 1905 Bertha von Suttner[/size]
. 1904 Institute of International Law[/size]
. 1903 Randal Cremer[/size]
. 1902 Élie Ducommun, Albert Gobat[/size]
. 1901 Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy[/size]
[/size] |
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